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At what age do you feel confident?

Self-esteem first begins to rise between ages 4 and 11, as children develop socially and cognitively and gain some sense of independence. Levels then seem to plateau — but not decline — as the teenage years begin from ages 11 to 15, the data show.

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In today’s youth-obsessed culture, getting older is often seen as something to fear. But a new study says at least one thing gets better with age: self-esteem. Age 60 seems to be best for self-esteem, according to a paper published recently in the journal Psychological Bulletin — and those positive feelings may stay at their peak for an entire decade. “Midlife is, for many adults, a time of highly stable life circumstances in domains such as relationships and work. Moreover, during middle adulthood, most individuals further invest in the social roles they hold, which might promote their self-esteem,” study co-author Ulrich Orth, a professor of psychology at the University of Bern in Switzerland, said in an email to TIME. “For example, people take on managerial roles at work, maintain a satisfying relationship with their spouse or partner, and help their children to become responsible and independent adults.” Get our Health Newsletter. Sign up to receive the latest health and science news, plus answers to wellness questions and expert tips. Please enter a valid email address. * The request timed out and you did not successfully sign up. Please attempt to sign up again. Sign Up Now An unexpected error has occurred with your sign up. Please try again later. Check here if you would like to receive subscription offers and other promotions via email from TIME group companies. You can unsubscribe at any time. By signing up you are agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy Thank you! For your security, we've sent a confirmation email to the address you entered. Click the link to confirm your subscription and begin receiving our newsletters. If you don't get the confirmation within 10 minutes, please check your spam folder. The researchers based their analysis on 191 research articles about self-esteem, which included data from almost 165,000 people. They set out to present the most comprehensive look yet at how self-esteem changes with age, examining a number of different demographics and age groups. Self-esteem first begins to rise between ages 4 and 11, as children develop socially and cognitively and gain some sense of independence. Levels then seem to plateau — but not decline — as the teenage years begin from ages 11 to 15, the data show. That’s somewhat surprising, given that many people — scientists and otherwise — assume that self-esteem takes a hit during the traditionally awkward early teenage years, “possibly because of pubertal changes and increased emphasis on social comparison at school,” Orth says. “However, our findings show that this is not the case.” Instead, self-esteem appears to hold steady until mid-adolescence. After that lull, Orth says, self-esteem seems to increase substantially until age 30, then more gradually throughout middle adulthood, before peaking around age 60 and remaining stable until age 70. After this period, however, Orth’s data show that many adults experience a decline in self-esteem, beginning modestly around 70 and becoming more significant around age 90. “Old age frequently involves loss of social roles as a result of retirement, the empty nest, and, possibly, widowhood, all of which are factors that may threaten self-esteem,” Orth explains. “In addition, aging often leads to negative changes in other possible sources of self-esteem, such as socioeconomic status, cognitive abilities and health.” The suggestion that these factors don’t seem to meaningfully converge until around age 90, however, should be encouraging. “Many people,” Orth says, “are able to maintain a relatively high level of self-esteem even during old age.”

Write to Jamie Ducharme at jamie.ducharme@time.com.

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What are the 5 keys to success?

Not being afraid to make mistakes or to try something new. ... Confidence attempting hard work independently. sharing a new idea with the class. taking a risk.

The 5 Keys to Success

At Horniman, we promote the ‘5 Keys to Success’: Confidence – Perseverance – Organisation – Getting Along – Resilience. These are the key skills that all children need to acquire in order to be successful in school, experience wellbeing, and have positive relationships including making contributions to others and the community.

The 5 keys are:

Confidence

The feeling that you can do it. Not being afraid to make mistakes or to try something new.

Examples of confident behaviours:

attempting hard work independently

sharing a new idea with the class

taking a risk

Organisation

Planning your time so you're not rushed, having all your resources ready and keeping track of when work needs to be completed.

Examples of organised behaviours:

making sure you understand instructions before you begin work

having resources ready that you need for the day/task

having a plan and organising your thoughts.

Perseverance

Trying hard and not giving up when something feels like it's too difficult to do.

Examples of Persevering behaviours:

continuing to try even when something is hard

not being distracted by others

checking work when it's finished to make sure it's correct

Getting Along

Working cooperatively with classmates, solving problems without getting too angry, showing tolerance and following the class rules, includes making responsible choices so that everyone's rights are protected.

Examples of organised behaviours:

being helpful when working in a group

listening and not interrupting when someone else is speaking

resolving conflicts by discussion

Resilience

Resilience Being able to bounce back or recover quickly from difficulties. The ability to recognise the need for a different approach and to adapt to solve a problem.

Examples of Resilience:

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