Can you turn sea water into fresh water?

iberdrola.com - Desalination: the process of turning seawater into drinking water

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Water covers 70 % of our planet and it is easy to think that there is more than enough. However, fresh water is scarce around the world — it only makes up 3 % — and two thirds of this are not available, as it is in the form of ice or is inaccessible. Around 1.1 billion people around the world do not have access to fresh water and around 2.7 billion suffer scarcity at least one month a year. Paradoxically many areas affected by fresh water scarcity are very close to the sea and this is where desalination can help.

WHAT IS DESALINATION

Desalination is the process by which the dissolved mineral salts in water are removed. Currently, this process, applied to seawater, is one of the most used to obtain fresh water for human consumption or agricultural purposes. Desalination occurs naturally during the water cycle: The evaporation of seawater leaves salt behind and forms clouds that give rise to rain. Aristotle observed that evaporated and condensed seawater would turn into fresh water, and Da Vinci realised that it was easy to obtain using a still. Over the following centuries seawater desalination was used particularly on boats and submarines to provide the crew with fresh water during long trips. However, this process was not available on a large scale until the industrial revolution and, especially, not until the development of desalination plants.

DESALINATION PLANTS

Globally, according to a study carried out by researchers from the Institute for Water, Environment and Health at the United Nations University (UNU-INWE) in 2019, there are approximately 16,000 desalination plants in operation — spread throughout 177 countries — and altogether they generate around 95 million m3/day of fresh water. The first country to adopt this process en masse was Australia, a very arid country where the so-called Millennium Drought, between 1997 and 2009, wreaked havoc. It has plants in the main cities that operate through reverse osmosis. Saudi Arabia is the leading desalination country by volume, followed by the United Arab Emirates, both of which are desert countries and highly dependent on this process. Other countries in the Middle East, such as Kuwait and Qatar, have also opted for this technique. In the United States, third in this particular ranking, there are desalination micro-plants close to almost all the natural gas facilities to exploit the residual heat. Spain is fourth, thanks to the contribution of the Canary Islands and the Alicante and Murcia coast, where the old thermal power plants are being replaced by desalination plants.

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Can you filter ocean water with a Brita?

In a word, no. Brita-type filters are designed to take out waterborne contaminants such as chemicals, and to remove sediment. They aren't at all intended to “purify” water or remove biological nasties such as giardia. So, get a filter that's designed for backcountry and camping use.

outsideonline.com - Is it safe to use one of those Brita pitchers to filter river and lake water ...

In a word, no. Brita-type filters are designed to take out waterborne contaminants such as chemicals, and to remove sediment. They aren’t at all intended to “purify” water or remove biological nasties such as giardia. So, get a filter that’s designed for backcountry and camping use. Try an MSR Hyperflow ($100)—the new design has an extremely high flow rate (three liters per minute) and attaches easily to a Nalgene-type bottle. It takes out protozoa, bacteria, and sediment. It won’t get viruses—for that you need a post-filtering add-in such as MSR’s SweetWater Purifier Solution ($10). If you’re camping with a group of people, you might try another MSR product, the Autoflow Microfilter ($100). It’s a gravity-fed system. You simply fill a compatible water bag, attach the filter, and hang it up. Flow rate is close to two liters per minute, and it does everything that the Hyperflow does. You can have water for four in minutes without a single pump-stroke. The Katadyn Base Camp Water Filter ($70) works the same way. And of course Katadyn makes hand-held filters as well, such as the ruggedly built Katadyn Pocket Water Filter ($290). For filtered water on the go, you also can use an individual bottle filter system like Sawyer‘s Four-Way Filter ($55), which comes with a bottle that holds 32 fluid ounces. Its filter can be used with the bottle, so you can sip any time. Or use it to make a gravity filter system, or even attach it to a faucet. Best for a single user, however.

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