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How did people filter water in the 1700s?

In the 1700's the first water filters for domestic application were applied. These were made of wool, sponge and charcoal. In 1804 the first actual municipal water treatment plant designed by Robert Thom, was built in Scotland.

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These filters operate on the basic principle of using a media (membrane, screen, or other media) to physically screen out or trap particles based on their size. These filters are rated according to the pore size of the membrane, which is measured in microns, - the lower the number of microns (i.e. the smaller the pore size) the more effective the filter. For example, while a filter that removes particles down to 5 microns in size produces clean water, one that stops particles 0.5 microns in size, produces cleaner water. Two common medias used in particle filters are fibre and ceramic. Fibre filters are made out of cellulose, rayon, or another type of fibre. These filters have larger pores that prevent large particles such as dirt from crossing their tight fibre layer, but will allow dissolved contaminants such as lead and mercury to pass through. Ceramic filters, like fibre filters, trap asbestos fibres, some bacteria and parasites (though not enough to disinfect the water) and other particles in its small ceramic pores. They will not remove dissolved chemical contaminants such as sodium. Within this category, there are three main types of filters. Depth Filters are matted fibers or materials compressed to form a matrix that retains particles by random adsorption or entrapment. Screen Filters are inherently uniform structures which, like a sieve, retain all particles larger than the precisely controlled pore size on their surface. Surface Filters are made from multiple layers of media. When fluid passes through the filter, particles larger than the spaces within the filter matrix are retained, accumulating primarily on the surface of the filter.

Depth filters trap and retain particles.

The distinction between filters is important because the three serve very different functions. Depth filters are usually used as pre-filters because they are an economical way to remove 98% of suspended solids and protect elements downstream from fouling or clogging. Surface filters (illustrated above) remove 99.99% of suspended solids and may be used as either pre-filters or clarifying filters. Microporous membrane (screen) filters are placed at the last possible point in a system to remove the last remaining traces of resin fragments, carbon fines, colloidal particles and microorganisms.

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