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How do Africans filter their water?

Chlorination. Chlorination of drinking water within the drinking water network (see also centralised chlorination) or at the point-of-use (POU chlorination) is common practice in many Sub-Saharan African countries.

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Chlorination

Chlorination of drinking water within the drinking water network (see also centralised chlorination) or at the point-of-use (POU chlorination) is common practice in many Sub-Saharan African countries. It is for example used in Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia (PELETZ & MAHIN 2009). The city of Cape Town, South Africa, for instance adds chlorine to drinking water to ensure the prevention of bacterial re-growth in holding water reservoirs and the network of pipes that transport water from treatment plants to homes (CITY OF CAPE TOWN n.y.) (see also prevention of recontamination). In Kenya, an innovative dispenser system has achieved remarkable and sustained use. The dispenser is filled with dilute chlorine and placed near a communal water source, allowing individual users to treat their water with the correct dose of chlorine in their jerry cans after it has been collected from the source (IPA 2011). A similar approach has been developed by the Swiss organisation (see ANTENNA 2010)in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Kenya, Guinea, Mali, Mozambique, and Rwanda: a special device producing chlorine solution from salt (see also WATASOL) is placed in water kiosk (see also water vendors and health posts from where it is distributed/sold directly or used to pre-treat drinking water for the population around.

Solar Water Disinfection

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a simple point-of-use water treatment technology that is applied at household level to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water with solar radiation. This approach is particularly adapted to regions which strong solar radiation. It is applied in many Sub-Saharan African countries such as Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (SODIS 2012a, PELETZ & MAHIN 2009). SODIS is e.g. implemented in the context of the Safe Water School project in Kenya covering 30 schools in Kisumu and Nairobi. In the Nyalenda and Manyatta slums of Kisumu, the project collaborates with 20 public primary schools totalling about 25,455 pupils. In Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya, 10 public primary schools with some 12,673 pupils are participating in the Safe Water School project (SODIS 2012b). Because the SODIS process is dependent on short radiation, which is partly attenuated by the presence of clouds, dust or turbid water, solar pasteurisation may be an alternative.

Biosand Filter

Biosand filters (BSF) are a small, household sized adaptation of slow sand filters, with the advantage that they can run intermittently. This technology has been successfully applied in several Sub-Saharan countries, such as: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia (PELETZ & MAHIN 2009).

Boiling

Boiling is considered the world’s oldest, most common, and one of the most effective methods for treating water. If done properly, boiling kills or deactivates all bacteria, viruses, protozoa (including cysts) and helminths that cause diarrheal disease (CAWST 2012). The rates of water boiling vary regionally – 90.6 percent of households in Indonesia boil, whereas only an average of 4.5 percent use this technique across 22 African countries. Within Africa, the range is still high in those countries that have been studied - with 39.8 percent in Uganda, while almost non-existent in some of the other countries (ROSA & CLASEN 2010). In South Africa, for example, boiling (ca. 51%) and chemical treatment (ca. 42%) are the most commonly used treatment methods among rural households having unclean drinking water sources and treating their water (ANDERSON et al. 2011).

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