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Previous research has shown that these traits - selfishness and altruism - can be passed down through families. A new study from the University of Reading shows how natural selection determines the frequencies of selfishness and altruism in successive generations.
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Read More »(PhysOrg.com) -- Cain and Abel certainly displayed it and the three daughters of King Lear proved the point too - families contain a mixture of the selfish and those who put themselves out to help others. Previous research has shown that these traits - selfishness and altruism - can be passed down through families. A new study from the University of Reading shows how natural selection determines the frequencies of selfishness and altruism in successive generations. Studies in behavior genetics show that around 40% of the willingness to help others is inherited. Those who do not help others help themselves, and anti-social behavior is inherited too. Depending on the genotypes of their parents, children may all be selfish, all altruistic or a mixture of both. The Reading study, based on population genetics, suggests that the numbers of altruistic and selfish individuals in society are controlled by a law of diminishing returns. If there are only one or two altruists in a family, and their actions help others in the family sufficiently compared to the cost of the altruistic behavior, then genes for altruism will do better than genes for selfishness, resulting in more altruists in the family tree. So eventually all individuals in the population may be altruistic. Alternatively, when there are many altruists natural selection may ensure that altruistic genes are less likely to be passed on. This is because the extra altruists may not bring enough extra benefits to the family. For example, if someone needs shelter when injured or food when starving, the first individual to help may save their life. Latecomers may also attempt to help, but the additional benefit is less. In other words, there are diminishing returns because there are limits to how much individuals can be helped. Altruists are selected when rare but selected against when common. The result is an evolutionary equilibrium with some individuals selfish and others altruistic. The research was conducted by Professor Richard Sibly, of the School of Biological Studies, and Professor Robert Curnow, of the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Professor Sibly said: "Understanding how altruism evolved was of absorbing interest to Darwin and has continued to fascinate biologists ever since. Help comes in many forms, presumably with different genetic bases, for example, child rearing, provisioning during times of need, and defence of resources against competitors. Each and any of these may be subject to laws of diminishing returns. The form of the relationship between help received and number of helpers requires quantitative description. The expected mix of selfishness and altruism can then be calculated using the new equations."
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Read More »The study, published in the journal Age and Ageing, also found that if the father lived to 90, it did not correlate to increased longevity and health in daughters. However, if both the mother and father lived to 90, the likelihood of the daughter achieving longevity and healthy aging jumped to 38%, researchers said.
Women whose mothers live up to the age of 90 are more likely to have increased lifespan, without suffering from any serious illnesses like cancer, diabetes, or heart disease, a study has found. The study, published in the journal Age and Ageing, also found that if the father lived to 90, it did not correlate to increased longevity and health in daughters. However, if both the mother and father lived to 90, the likelihood of the daughter achieving longevity and healthy aging jumped to 38%, researchers said. “Our results show that, not only did these women live to age 90, but they also aged well by avoiding major diseases and disabilities,” said Aladdin Shadyab, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California — San Diego in the US. The study analysed data from about 22,000 postmenopausal women participating in the Women’s Health Initiative, a large, national study in the US investigating major risk factors for chronic diseases among women. Shadyab and colleagues believe a combination of genetics, environment and behaviours passed to subsequent generations may influence ageing outcomes among offspring. “We now have evidence that how long our parents live may predict our long-term outcomes, including whether we will age well, but we need further studies to explore why. We need to clarify how certain factors and behaviours interact with genes to influence aging outcomes,” Shadyab said. The women in the study whose mothers lived to at least 90 were more likely to be college graduates, married with high incomes and incorporated physical activity and a healthy diet into their lives, researchers said.
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