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What age did cavemen live too?

First and foremost is that while Paleolithic-era humans may have been fit and trim, their average life expectancy was in the neighborhood of 35 years. The standard response to this is that average life expectancy fluctuated throughout history, and after the advent of farming was sometimes even lower than 35.

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Meat, vegetables, and nuts might be the foods humans evolved to eat—or they might just be an Atkins diet in disguise The idea of the Paleo diet has been around for decades, but it's really taken off over the last couple of years, with a slew of The idea of the Paleo diet has been around for decades, but it's really taken off over the last couple of years, with a slew of books blogs , and a prominent podcast espousing its virtues. And no wonder—it has a compelling sales pitch. It's based on the idea that while humans have been eating for approximately 200,000 years, we've been farming for only about the last 10,000 or so. Farming introduced easily produced grains into our society, and bread, pasta, and other starch-heavy and processed foods into our diets. Evolution is too slow, the story goes, for us to have adapted to this new diet. So these "new" foods are responsible for many specific health problems we encounter, as well as a general feeling of un-wellness that most of us unwittingly life with. By returning to the diet of our hunter-gatherer ancestors, the proponents of Paleo claim, we can restore our happiness, health, and waistlines. After hearing one too many first-person accounts of startling and positive changes in people's lives after going Paleo (and despite Michael Pollan's warnings about fad diets), I had to give it a shot. And you know what? It's been pretty great. After a few weeks, I've lost weight, I feel better, and the two-hour-plus sluggish period that used to follow lunch just about every day is gone. That's while eating sort of like a pig—meat, vegetables, nuts, eggs, fish, all cooked with butter and scarfed down with gleeful self-contentment. I get hungry less often, and when I do it's a different sort of hunger; not nagging and brain-debilitating, but more natural-feeling and subtle, almost healthy. There's of course something going unmentioned in all this. Despite a wildly different rationale and back-story, the practical everyday dietary reality of doing the Paleo diet is very similar to the Atkins diet. The weight-loss, then, should not be surprising. And many of the "criticisms and concerns" levied against Atkins ought to be considered relative to the Paleo diet as well. There are unfortunately no conclusive long-term studies on either diet, and the long-term effects of low-carb diets are not truly understood. All the positive evidence for Paleo is first-person and anecdotal, but we're left to wonder how something that feels so healthy, and make so much historical sense, could be wrong. There are plenty of unresolved criticisms of Paleo that need to be examined. First and foremost is that while Paleolithic-era humans may have been fit and trim, their average life expectancy was in the neighborhood of 35 years. The standard response to this is that average life expectancy fluctuated throughout history, and after the advent of farming was sometimes even lower than 35. It's only in recent modern history, with the advent of nutrition, that life expectancy has soared. The contemporary Paleo diet, we are told, is the best of both worlds.

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But the jump in life expectancy occurred not over the last decade of two, in the age of food science. It happened over about a hundred years. It was the result of advances in agriculture that increased the world-wide supply of food, eliminating malnutrition. People have survived into their 90s and beyond on very simple and traditional diets of pasta, bread, vegetables, and small portions of meat. It seems that lumping all "processed foods" into one group is a fundamental mistake. There are ancient processed foods like bread and pasta, and there are relatively new processed foods like potato chips and hot dogs. The latter, along with fast food, sugary sodas, and the like (sometimes referred to as the American diet) are to blame for the current obesity epidemic and many of our society's food-related health problems. More to the point, the contemporary approach to Paleolithic eating ignores what must have been the overriding reality of actual Paleolithic people: the scarcity, inconsistency, and lack of variety of their diet. It's absurd to think you're eating like Paleo-man if you're having filet mignon one day, lobster the next, and duck the next, while also consuming eggs and a supermarket's worth of vegetables, nuts, and berries. Paleolithic diets surely varied by region, but mostly they probably consisted of a few staple foods, with periods of abundance and not infrequent periods of scarcity. There is no question that we should eat more fresh and unprocessed foods. But if there's a charge to be levied against carbohydrate-heavy foods like bread and pasta, it's that they make it easy for us to eat way too much, not that they're bad in and of themselves. (Sugar, however, may be another story altogether.) So the Paleo diet's dictum to eat as fresh as possible is shared universally with all modern sane eating guidelines. Its rationale for avoiding traditional carb-heavy foods falls apart under scrutiny. And it's success at producing weight loss and health may have more to do with portion control than anything else. But perhaps the deepest cut was a "US News comparison" of 20 diets (including Atkins, veganism, the Mediterranean diet, and Jenny Craig) that ranked Paleo dead last on criteria like nutrition, ease of following, weight loss, and safety. But "going Paleo" is much more than a diet. The approach has something to say about exercise, footwear, and community. But a key hint of what's happening here may be in the Paleo treatment of alcohol. It is, of course, completely prohibited. Yet beyond that it comes up infrequently and receives little attention. It's as though anyone into Paleo had quit drinking long before anyway and never looked back. In other words, this is a lifestyle that's observed by a very particular type of person. Someone with will-power and a concern with their body that is beyond the pale for the majority of people, and who's probably been successful at any number of approaches to eating, exercise, and overall lifestyle. There's no doubt that the Paleo approach is a powerful meme, but as advice for regular people it's just not very practical.

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