What age is too late to read?

“There is no particular age that one has to learn to read,” Shanahan says.

usnews.com - When Do Kids Learn to Read? - USNews.com

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It’s a question discussed again and again in classrooms, on playgrounds and wherever parents congregate: What age should kids learn to read?

Experts say that most children learn to read by age 6 or 7, meaning first or second grade, and that some learn much earlier. However, a head start on reading doesn’t guarantee a child will stay ahead as they progress through school. Abilities tend to even out in later grades. “Some children are ready to learn to read at age 3, and some take much longer,” AnnMarie Sossong, a reading specialist at Ocala Preparatory Academy in Florida, wrote in an email. “I have seen both, and by age 12 or 13, they are reading at the same level, which seems counter-intuitive, but it is not. When they are ready, they are ready, and everything clicks.” U.S. Department of Education reading programs often say children should learn to read by age 8, or third grade, because learning to read transitions into reading to learn other subjects soon thereafter. The first step in learning to read is being able to identify letters or combinations of letters, and then to connect those letters to sounds. Because the basis of reading is language, learning to read is, in some sense, a skill that starts in the baby years, says Timothy Shanahan, distinguished professor emeritus at the University of Illinois—Chicago and former director of reading for Chicago Public Schools. Studies show reading to children as young as nine months can benefit child development. Formal reading instruction also starts early. Preschools and Head Start, a federal government program aimed at young kids from low-income families, often introduce pre-reading skills, such as letter names and sounds. “These days kindergarten reading skills is pretty universal,” Shanahan wrote in an email. “There is no particular age that one has to learn to read,” Shanahan says. “But starting early provides the greatest opportunity for children’s success.” Learning to read is a process, with different developmental milestones along the way. They include some of the following, according to reading experts:

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As a toddler, pretending to read, turning the pages of a board book and having a favorite book that is often requested. In early preschool, singing the alphabet song with prompting and cues, exploring books independently and recognizing the first letter in their name. In late preschool, matching some letters to sounds, developing awareness of syllables, and understanding that print is read from left to right and top to bottom. In kindergarten, matching some spoken and written words, reading simple words in isolation and recognizing some familiar words in print. In first or second grade, sounding out or decoding unfamiliar words, self-correcting when mistakes are made, reading out loud and understanding some common punctuation and capitalization. By second or third grade, reading longer books independently, reading out loud with correct emphasis and expression, and understanding the concept of punctuation. There are different methods to teach reading. One emphasizes word recognition and teaches children to understand a word’s meaning according to how it is used. Another is through phonics, learning which sounds the letters represent. Phonics can be used to help “decode” or sound out words. Many teachers use a combination of all these methods. There are different theories about what actually happens when a child learns to read. One theory is that reading is a natural process, like learning to speak. If teachers surround children with books, the theory holds, kids will eventually learn to read. Another idea is that reading is essentially a series of strategic guesses based on context, and children are taught guessing strategies. But research shows that reading is essentially a written code, with certain combinations of letters representing certain sounds. Teaching young kids to crack that code teaches them how to read words. “Beginning reading instruction needs to emphasize decoding—letters, sounds, phonemic awareness, sounding out words, spelling, and oral reading fluency—and reading comprehension,” Shanahan says. Reading comprehension includes oral language, vocabulary and strategies to understand what is read. Ultimately, research shows that children who can’t master phonics are more likely to struggle with reading. That is why some experts favor explicit instruction in phonics in which teachers lead students through specific sequences of letters and sounds.

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Playing language games and teaching letter sounds and names are important jobs that parents can take on when teaching their children to read. Parents should also keep reading to and with their child, even after children can read on their own, experts say. More granularly, parents can help their children with phonemic awareness, meaning the ability to recognize and use individual sounds in spoken words. For example, children may hear the word “dog,” but not the individual sounds. To become a reader, children have to learn to hear these sounds. Playing language games can help. In addition, having a child read out loud – rather than listening to a parent read – is crucial for engaging students to think about content and vocabulary. “Phonics is not enough to become a skilled reader,” Wiley Blevins, an author and expert on phonics, wrote in an email. “Equal amounts of time must be spent building their vocabulary and content knowledge. All of these skills work together to enable students to read increasingly more complex texts as they move up the grades." Many organizations offer free games for children who are learning to read. Here are some examples parents may want to look into as they help their kids build their reading skills at home: ABCYa has a collection of games by grade level for children in K-6. Scholastic offers five literacy games that can be played using common household items.

usnews.com - When Do Kids Learn to Read? - USNews.com

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