Photo: Anna Shvets

What are smaller than viruses?

Smaller than Viruses? There are things out there even smaller than viruses. The two that scientists have discovered are called prions and viroids. A prion is (as far as we know) just a protein. Prions are proteins that can invade cells and somehow direct their own duplication, making more of the isolated proteins.

biology4kids.com - Microorganisms: Viruses - Biology4Kids.com

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Are Viruses Alive?

Types of Viruses

Smaller than Viruses?

We're starting with the smallest of the small here. Some scientists argue that viruses are not even living things. We suppose it's easier to give you a list of what they can't do as opposed to what they can. What viruses can't do:(1) They can't reproduce on their own. They need to infect or invade acell. That host cell will do all the work to duplicate the virus.(2) They don't respond to anything. You can poke them or set up barriers, it doesn't matter. They either function or they are destroyed.(3) They don't really have any working parts. While there some advanced viruses that seem fancy, viruses don't have any of the parts you would normally think of when you think of a cell. They have no nuclei, mitochondria, or ribosomes. Some viruses do not even have cytoplasm.We've already established what viruses aren't. Let's talk about what they are. Every virus has a few basic parts. The most important part is a small piece of(never both). That strand ofis considered the core of the virus. The second big part is ato protect the nucleic acid. That coat is called the. The capsid protects the core but also helps the virus infect new cells. Some viruses have another coat or shell called the. The envelope is made of lipids and proteins in the way a regular cell membrane is structured. The envelope can help a virus get into systems unnoticed and help them invade new host cells.As you go on to study more biology, you'll see many virus types. There are three basic shapes.1) First there are. They are set up like a tube. The protein coat winds up like a garden hose around the core.2) Next comes the. This shape group includes the classic virus shape that looks like a dodecahedron. A dodecahedron is a geometric shape with twelve (12) sides. These viruses have many facets and a seemingly hard shell of capsomeres (pieces of a capsid). There is a variation of the polyhedral called globular. Globular shapes are basically polyhedral virions inside of a spherical (like a ball) envelope.3) Last is thevirus shape. You may have seen this one in books with thehead and long legs.There are things out there even smaller than viruses. The two that scientists have discovered are calledand. A prion is (as far as we know) just a protein. Prions are proteins that can invade cells and somehow direct their own duplication, making more of the isolated proteins. Viroids are a little different in that they are just RNA. Scientists have even discovered that they are responsible for some diseases.

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Where did viruses come from?

Viruses may have arisen from mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells. They may be descendants of previously free-living organisms that adapted a parasitic replication strategy. Perhaps viruses existed before, and led to the evolution of, cellular life.

nature.com - Origin of Viruses | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature

homeostasis

To consider this question, we need to have a good understanding of what we mean by "life." Although specific definitions may vary, biologists generally agree that all living organisms exhibit several key properties: They can grow, reproduce, maintain an internal, respond to stimuli, and carry out various metabolic processes. In addition, populations of living organisms evolve over time. Do viruses conform to these criteria? Yes and no. We probably all realize that viruses reproduce in some way. We can become infected with a small number of virus particles — by inhaling particles expelled when another person coughs, for instance — and then become sick several days later as the viruses replicate within our bodies. Likewise we probably all realize that viruses evolve over time. We need to get a flu vaccine every year primarily because the influenza virus changes, or evolves, from one year to the next (Nelson & Holmes 2007). Viruses do not, however, carry out metabolic processes. Most notably, viruses differ from living organisms in that they cannot generate ATP. Viruses also do not possess the necessary machinery for translation, as mentioned above. They do not possess ribosomes and cannot independently form proteins from molecules of messenger RNA. Because of these limitations, viruses can replicate only within a living host cell. Therefore, viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. According to a stringent definition of life, they are nonliving. Not everyone, though, necessarily agrees with this conclusion. Perhaps viruses represent a different type of organism on the tree of life — the capsid-encoding organisms, or CEOs (Figure 1; Raoult & Forterre 2008).

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