What are the three forms of evil?

According to Leibniz, there are three forms of evil in the world: moral, physical, and metaphysical.

britannica.com - Theodicy | theology - Encyclopedia Britannica

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Summary

theodicy, (from Greek theos, “god”; dikē, “justice”), explanation of why a perfectly good, almighty, and all-knowing God permits evil. The term literally means “justifying God.” Although many forms of theodicy have been proposed, some Christian thinkers have rejected as impious any attempt to fathom God’s purposes or to judge God’s actions by human standards. Others, drawing a distinction between a theodicy and a more limited “defense,” have sought to show only that the existence of some evil in the world is logically compatible with God’s omnipotence and perfect goodness. Theodicies and defenses are two forms of response to what is known in theology and philosophy as the problem of evil. Common strategies Both the Augustinian and the Irenaean approaches appeal to free will: the occurrence of moral evil (and, for Augustine, natural evil) is the inevitable result of human freedom. These views are based on the assumption that, because free will is good, both in itself and because it enables individuals to take responsibility for their own actions, God permits sin (moral evil) as the price of freedom. Although Augustine stressed the “fallenness” of the natural world, both he and Irenaeus paid tribute to its beauty, intricacy, and suitability as an environment for human life. Drawing on this understanding, the English theologian Richard Swinburne has argued that the regularities of natural events (which can harm human beings as well as benefit them) are a necessary condition of both an individual’s moral growth and his intellectual development. Thus although fires and floods are dangerous and destructive, they offer people opportunities to exercise virtues such as bravery and self-sacrifice and to take steps to make themselves safer in the future. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Although many people are helped to grow and to mature through suffering, many too are broken or destroyed by it. Hence, a further common strategy is to appeal to a life after death; the hardships of this life, whether caused by natural evil or by moral evil, are as nothing compared with the rewards to come, and they are a necessary factor in preparing one for the afterlife through moral training and maturation. This line of thought, however, must amount to more than saying that there will be rewards in heaven for suffering endured in the world. As the Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky argues in The Brothers Karamazov (1879–80), an appeal to a putative compensation in the afterlife and an “eternal harmony” must not be used to avoid the issues of justice and atonement. The English mystic Julian of Norwich (born 1342) resolved this problem by noting that part of the bliss and fulfilment of those who are saved will be that, at the Last Day, they will see the true reason why God has done all the things he has and the reason too for all the things he has permitted.

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What do you call a person who always thinks they are right?

narcissistic Add to list Share.

vocabulary.com - Narcissistic - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com

narcissistic

If you can’t stop talking about yourself and obsess constantly about the way you look, you could be exhibiting narcissistic tendencies, meaning you're obsessed with yourself, especially your outside appearance. Scholarly types may know that the word narcissistic is related to the Greek myth of Narcissus, a boy known for his good looks who after angered the gods, fell in love with his reflection in a pool. Narcissus wasted away there, too fascinated with his looks to save his own life. A narcissistic person may suffer a similar fate. The adjective narcissistic describes those who are excessively self-absorbed, especially about their looks.

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