Photo: Artem Podrez

What did people drink before purified water?

Germs, bacteria, and viruses had not been discovered during most of the 1700s, so people did not understand why they got sick. They just knew that water made them ill. So instead of drinking water, many people drank fermented and brewed beverages like beer, ale, cider, and wine.

che.umbc.edu - What Did Colonial People Drink? - Foodways at Colonial London Town

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What Did Colonial People Drink?

In the eighteenth century, most people believed that water was bad for their health, and they weren’t wrong in thinking this! In London Town, drinking water directly from the South River could make a person sick and vomit. The river water was brackish, meaning it was a mixture of salt and fresh water. Some people tried to dig wells to get water from the ground, but they often dug the wells too close to their privies. Privy, another word for outhouse, is where they had their toilets. The contents of the privy would contaminate the water in the well. When people drank well water they also got very sick. Germs, bacteria, and viruses had not been discovered during most of the 1700s, so people did not understand why they got sick. They just knew that water made them ill. So instead of drinking water, many people drank fermented and brewed beverages like beer, ale, cider, and wine. Children drank something called small beer. One of the first steps in brewing beer is to boil the water, which kills the germs and bacteria and makes it safe to drink. This first brewing has alcohol in it. The ingredients were brewed again in a second and then a third batch of beer or ale (this is similar to us using the same tea bag to make a second and then a third cup of tea). The beer produced by this third brewing had almost no alcohol in it—this is the small beer that children would drink. On average, an adult drank a gallon (a milk jug) of ale a day. People in colonial times believed alcohol was good for your health and many doctors prescribed and sold alcohol to their patients. Alcohol was consumed at social events, including business meetings, court hearings, and auctions. At funerals, it was expected alcohol would be served—typically in a large pot placed directly on the coffin!

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How did the Romans keep their water clean?

The Roman aqueducts supplied fresh, clean water for baths, fountains, and drinking water for ordinary citizens.

nationalgeographic.org - Roman Aqueducts | National Geographic Society

The Roman aqueduct was a channel used to transport fresh water to highly populated areas. Aqueducts were amazing feats of engineering given the time period. Though earlier civilizations in Egypt and India also built aqueducts, the Romans improved on the structure and built an extensive and complex network across their territories. Evidence of aqueducts remain in parts of modern-day France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, and Turkey. Aqueducts required a great deal of planning. They were made from a series of pipes, tunnels, canals, and bridges. Gravity and the natural slope of the land allowed aqueducts to channel water from a freshwater source, such as a lake or spring, to a city. As water flowed into the cities, it was used for drinking, irrigation, and to supply hundreds of public fountains and baths. Roman aqueduct systems were built over a period of about 500 years, from 312 B.C.E. to C.E. 226. Both public and private funds paid for construction. High-ranking rulers often had them built; the Roman emperors Augustus, Caligula, and Trajan all ordered aqueducts built. The most recognizable feature of Roman aqueducts may be the bridges constructed using rounded stone arches. Some of these can still be seen today traversing European valleys. However, these bridged structures made up only a small portion of the hundreds of kilometers of aqueducts throughout the empire. The capital in Rome alone had around 11 aqueduct systems supplying freshwater from sources as far as 92 kilometers away (57 miles). Despite their age, some aqueducts still function and provide modern-day Rome with water. The Aqua Virgo, an aqueduct constructed by Agrippa in 19 B.C.E. during Augustus’ reign, still supplies water to Rome’s famous Trevi Fountain in the heart of the city.

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