What is the biggest virus ever found?

Mimivirus is the largest and most complex virus known.

nature.com - Discovery of the Giant Mimivirus - Nature

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ribosomes

model

branch

Archaea

What can we conclude from this information? Like all other viruses, Mimivirus lacksand depends on its host for translation. Mimivirus, however, contains a much more complete repertoire of translation-associated genes than does any other known virus. In interpreting this information, the authors of the initial report characterizing the Mimivirus genome postulated that Mimivirus may have evolved from a more independent ancestor (Raoult. 2004). Over time, they argue, Mimivirus lost some genes associated with translation as it became more dependent on its host. The translation-like genes that we see in its genome today are relics of a previously intact translation machinery. Mimivirus, in other words, may represent evidence in support of the regressiveof virus origins. Or perhaps, they note, Mimivirus represents a newon the tree of life, distinct from, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Raoult and Forterre (2008) even argue that we should reclassify all biological entities into two major groups: the ribosome-encoding organisms (archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes), or REOs; and the capsid-encoding organisms (viruses), or CEOs (Figure 2). Of course, the biological world rarely presents us with clear-cut answers to our questions. In a separate analysis of the Mimivirus genome, other researchers provide a different explanation for the evolutionary history of this unusual virus. Moreira and Brochier-Armanet (2008) argue that the Mimivirus genes related to translation, DNA repair, and metabolism do not represent the remains of previously intact processes. Rather, they argue, Mimivirus acquired these genes over time via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These genes, in other words, were acquired by Mimivirus from other organisms (Figure 3). To support this assertion, these researchers note that some ORFs in the Mimivirus genome seem to show strongest homology to ORFs in bacteria, while other Mimivirus ORFs show strongest homology to ORFs in eukaryotes. To logically explain this observation, they argue that some genes in Mimivirus may have been acquired from the amoeba host of Mimivirus. Other Mimivirus genes may have been acquired from parasitic bacteria residing within the amoeba. The amoeba, then, may serve as a genetic mixing bowl from which Mimivirus has gathered a complex set of genes (Moreira & Brochier-Armanet 2008). As often happens in scientific inquiries, the investigation of one question leads to unexpected findings and a host of new questions. As noted at the beginning of this article, the discovery of Mimivirus began during the investigation of a pneumonia outbreak. We still do not know, however, whether Mimivirus causes pneumonia. In one study, La Scola and colleagues (2005) reported that people with community-acquired pneumonia were more likely to have antibodies to Mimivirus than were people who did not have the disease. Although one can interpret this result as indicating that people with pneumonia are more likely to have been infected with Mimivirus, this result alone does not indicate that Mimivirus causes pneumonia. In another study (Khan et al. 2007), researchers showed that mice experimentally inoculated with Mimivirus developed tissue damage consistent with the development of pneumonia. Again, we cannot conclude from this result that Mimivirus causes pneumonia. The result merely indicates that the virus, under certain experimental conditions, can cause tissue damage in mammals. Though the discovery and subsequent characterization of Mimivirus have not directly answered the original question about pneumonia, the studies of Mimivirus have opened the door to a whole host of other questions about the evolutionary history of viruses and the origins of life. Future studies of APMV strains certainly will provide us with important insight into these basic topics.

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What's the point of a summoning pool?

Summoning pools make it easier to find both co-op and hostile summoning signs. See Effigies of the Martyr for detailed information and a list of all summoning pools.

eldenring.wiki.fextralife.com - About Summoning Pools | Elden Ring Wiki - Fextralife

About Summoning Pools Type Info Item Effect Information about the summoning pools

About Summoning Pools is an Info Item in Elden Ring. Summoning pools make it easier to find both co-op and hostile summoning signs. See Effigies of the Martyr for detailed information and a list of all summoning pools.

Where to find Summoning Pools in Elden Ring

Summoning pools are often found near boss areas.

Elden Ring Summoning Pools Tutorial Guide

In each area, you may find effigies of martyrs.

These effigies are summoning pools.

You'll find it easy to summon other players at these locations, as co-op and hostile summoning signs created with small effigies gather at summoning pools.

Elden Ring About Summoning Pools Notes & Tips

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