What is the deadliest bacteria in history?

The most deadly bacterial disease contracted by human beings is mycobacterium tuberculosis, the world's leading infectious disease with more than 1,700,000 deaths per year. As much as 13% of cases are resistant to most antibiotics, and about 6% are resistant or unresponsive to essentially all treatment.

physio-pedia.com - Bacterial Infections - Physiopedia

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Bacteria

Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable environment all over the world[1]. Some are airborne and others are most prevalent in water, soil, plants, animals, and even people. Many strains of bacteria are harmless and some are even beneficial, such as those found in the human gastrointestinal tract to aid digestion and produce vitamins. There are few (less than 1% of all bacteria types) that cause illness in humans. Some bacteria can be quite dangerous, resulting in salmonella, pneumonia, or meningitis[2]. The global problem of infectious and deadly diseases caused by bacteria are presently major scientific and medical issues.

Bacterial infections have a large impact on public health.

As a general rule, bacterial infections are easier to treat than viral infections, since we have an extensive army of antimicrobial agents with activity against bacteria. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is a rapidly growing problem with potentially devastating consequences. [3] The most deadly bacterial disease contracted by human beings is mycobacterium tuberculosis, the world's leading infectious disease with more than 1,700,000 deaths per year. As much as 13% of cases are resistant to most antibiotics, and about 6% are resistant or unresponsive to essentially all treatment[2].

Binary Fission

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that carry their genetic information in a double-stranded circular molecule of DNA. Some species also contain small circular plasmids of additional DNA. The cell cytoplasm contains ribosomes and there is both a cell membrane and, in all species except Mycoplasma, a complex cell wall. External to the cell wall, some bacteria have capsules, flagella, or pili. Bacteria normally reproduce by binary fission. Under the proper conditions, some bacteria can divide and multiply rapidly. Consequently, some infections require only a small number of organisms to cause potentially overwhelming infection.

Bacteria Shapes

Several ways include:

Staining: Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on the characteristics of their cell wall, as seen under a microscope after stains have been administered, a procedure called Gram staining, that was developed in 1882 by Hans Christian Gram. Most bacteria fall into one of these two categories. One of the main differences between gram-positive and gram-negative organisms is that gram-negative bacteria tend to produce an endotoxin that can cause tissue destruction, shock, and death. The two classes of bacteria differ in their antibiotic susceptibilities as well, and different types of antibiotics are effective against them. Need for oxygen: Aerobic or Anaerobic, based on their growth responses in the presence and absence of oxygen [3] . . Scientific names: Bacteria, like other living things, are classified by genus (based on having one or several similar characteristics) and, within the genus, by species. Their scientific name is genus followed by species (for example, Clostridium botulinum). Within a species, there may be different types, called strains. Strains differ in genetic makeup and chemical components. Sometimes certain drugs and vaccines are effective only against certain strains.

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Shapes: All bacteria may be classified as one of three basic shapes: spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals or helixes (spirochetes)[1].

Mode of Action [ edit | edit source ]

Each species of bacteria has a predilection to infect certain organs and not others. eg. Neisseria meningitidis normally infects the meninges of the central nervous system, it is not, however, a cause of skin infection.

Disease can be caused by the

Destruction of the body's cells by the organism

Body's immune response to the infection. Antibiotics may be of little or no use when the disease manifestations are a result of the body's attempts to rid itself of the bacteria. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), usually caused by a bacterial infection, is an overwhelming inflammatory response to infection, manifested by the release of large numbers of cytokines and presenting with signs of infection and early signs of hemodynamic instability. If allowed to progress, SIRS patients can go on to develop sepsis, with multiorgan failure and death. Once the cascade of events has begun, even the strongest antibiotics are often powerless to stop this progression[3]. The immune response is the way in which your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and other substances that are foreign and harmful. It is the job of the immune system to protect our bodies from harmful invaders by recognizing and responding to antigens. See the Immune System

Bacterial Defences [ edit | edit source ]

Bacteria Capsules and Slime Layers

Bacteria have many ways of defending themselves.

Biolfilm

Capsule: Some bacteria are enclosed in a protective capsule which helps prevent white blood cells from ingesting the bacteria (such bacteria are described as encapsulated). Outer membrane: Under the capsule, gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that protects them against certain antibiotics. When disrupted, this membrane releases endotoxins. Endotoxins contribute to the severity of symptoms during infections with gram-negative bacteria. Spores: an inactive (dormant) form of bacteria. Spores can enable bacteria to survive when environmental conditions are difficult. When conditions are favorable, each spore germinates into an active bacterium. Flagella: Long, thin filaments that protrude from the cell surface and enable bacteria to move. Bacteria without flagella cannot move on their own. Antibiotic Resistance: Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics. Other bacteria develop resistance to drugs because they acquire genes from other bacteria that have become resistant or because their genes mutate. The genes that encode for drug resistance can be passed to following generations of bacteria or sometimes even to other species of bacteria.[1]

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Most Deadly Bacterial Infections [ edit | edit source ]

Measures to prevent infection have a dramatic impact on morbidity and mortality. Prevention is especially important in this age of increasing antibiotic resistance, because treatment can be so difficult to achieve.

See Infection Prevention and Control

There are three major principals of control of bacterial infection: Eliminate or contain the source of infection, interrupt the chain of transmission, and protect the host against infection or disease (which measure is most effective often depends on the reservoir for the infection). There is increasing recognition that elimination of important cofactors, such as air pollution from vehicles or from indoor cooking, can markedly reduce the incidence of bacterial infections. Prevention of infection e.g through a vaccine, is generally called primary prevention, treatment of infected people to prevent symptomatic infection is called secondary prevention, and treatment of infected people to prevent transmission to other humans is called tertiary prevention[3].

An example of poor supervision of a preventive measure is illustrated below.

Several thousand people in northwest China tested positive for a bacterial disease in an outbreak caused by a leak at a biopharmaceutical company in 2019. This outbreak stemmed from a leak at a biological pharmaceutical factory, which occurred between late July to late August 2019. While producing Brucella vaccines for animal use, the factory used expired disinfectants and sanitizers (meaning not all bacteria were eradicated in the waste gas). This contaminated waste gas formed aerosols that contained the bacteria and leaked into the air, carried by wind down to the Veterinary Research Institute, where the outbreak first hit. People at the institute began reporting infections in November, and it quickly accelerated. By the end of December, at least 181 people at the institute had been infected with brucellosis[5]

Antibiotic resistance [ edit | edit source ]

Diagram R: Showing the ways in which antibiotics can disrupt bacterial processes, and the methods of antibiotic resistance bacteria often use.

physio-pedia.com - Bacterial Infections - Physiopedia

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