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What is the difference between one-way ANOVA and ANOVA?

The only difference between one-way and two-way ANOVA is the number of independent variables. A one-way ANOVA has one independent variable, while a two-way ANOVA has two. One-way ANOVA: Testing the relationship between shoe brand (Nike, Adidas, Saucony, Hoka) and race finish times in a marathon.

scribbr.com - What is the difference between a one-way and a two-way ANOVA?

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Chi-square goodness of fit tests are often used in genetics. One common application is to check if two genes are linked (i.e., if the assortment is independent). When genes are linked, the allele inherited for one gene affects the allele inherited for another gene. Suppose that you want to know if the genes for pea texture (R = round, r = wrinkled) and color (Y = yellow, y = green) are linked. You perform a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous (RY / ry) pea plants. The hypotheses you’re testing with your experiment are: Null hypothesis (H 0 ): The population of offspring have an equal probability of inheriting all possible genotypic combinations. This would suggest that the genes are unlinked. ): The population of offspring have an equal probability of inheriting all possible genotypic combinations. Alternative hypothesis (H a ): The population of offspring do not have an equal probability of inheriting all possible genotypic combinations. This would suggest that the genes are linked. ): The population of offspring have an equal probability of inheriting all possible genotypic combinations.

You observe 100 peas:

78 round and yellow peas

6 round and green peas

4 wrinkled and yellow peas

12 wrinkled and green peas

Step 1: Calculate the expected frequencies

To calculate the expected values, you can make a Punnett square. If the two genes are unlinked, the probability of each genotypic combination is equal. RY ry Ry rY RY RRYY RrYy RRYy RrYY ry RrYy rryy Rryy rrYy Ry RRYy Rryy RRyy RrYy rY RrYY rrYy RrYy rrYY The expected phenotypic ratios are therefore 9 round and yellow: 3 round and green: 3 wrinkled and yellow: 1 wrinkled and green.

From this, you can calculate the expected phenotypic frequencies for 100 peas:

Phenotype Observed Expected Round and yellow 78 100 * (9/16) = 56.25 Round and green 6 100 * (3/16) = 18.75 Wrinkled and yellow 4 100 * (3/16) = 18.75 Wrinkled and green 12 100 * (1/16) = 6.21

Step 2: Calculate chi-square

Phenotype Observed Expected O − E (O − E)2 (O − E)2 / E Round and yellow 78 56.25 21.75 473.06 8.41 Round and green 6 18.75 −12.75 162.56 8.67 Wrinkled and yellow 4 18.75 −14.75 217.56 11.6 Wrinkled and green 12 6.21 5.79 33.52 5.4

Χ2 = 8.41 + 8.67 + 11.6 + 5.4 = 34.08

Step 3: Find the critical chi-square value

Since there are four groups (round and yellow, round and green, wrinkled and yellow, wrinkled and green), there are three degrees of freedom. For a test of significance at α = .05 and df = 3, the Χ2 critical value is 7.82.

Step 4: Compare the chi-square value to the critical value

Χ2 = 34.08

Critical value = 7.82

The Χ2 value is greater than the critical value.

Step 5: Decide whether the reject the null hypothesis

The Χ2 value is greater than the critical value, so we reject the null hypothesis that the population of offspring have an equal probability of inheriting all possible genotypic combinations. There is a significant difference between the observed and expected genotypic frequencies (p < .05). The data supports the alternative hypothesis that the offspring do not have an equal probability of inheriting all possible genotypic combinations, which suggests that the genes are linked

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Is it better to not wear clothes in a sleeping bag?

Is it warmer to wear clothes in a sleeping bag? Yes, wearing long underwear and clothes keeps you warmer inside a sleeping bag. Your clothes are another layer of insulation that keeps your natural heat close to your boy and prevents it from escaping.

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Yes, wearing long underwear and clothes keeps you warmer inside a sleeping bag. Your clothes are another layer of insulation that keeps your natural heat close to your boy and prevents it from escaping. However, there are some instances that wearing clothes inside your sleeping bag will not keep you warmer. Here are some: When you wear too many layers of clothes or if you fill your bag with other stuff that you compress the insulation in the baffles of the sleeping bags, thereby reducing the amount of warm air it could trap. When you wear ill-fitting clothing items like socks that are too tight that they cut the blood circulation off your feet and make them feel colder. When you wear moist clothes and compromise the insulating power of your sleeping bag. When you wear too many clothes or if you chose the wrong bag for your trip and it makes you break into sweat. The result would be like if you’d been wearing moist and damp clothes. If you become too hot inside your bag, you could unzip it a little instead of perspiring inside. It is best to wear a fresh and dry base in your sleeping bag to keep it cleaner and to keep you warm in chilly nights. These clothes should fit well, better if these fit loosely, so as to not cut off circulation, and to help trap heat closer to your body.

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