What is the difference between VOR and DME?

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Aircraft radio navigation station

A VOR/DME ground station in Germany

In radio navigation, a VOR/DME is a radio beacon that combines a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) with a distance-measuring equipment (DME). The VOR allows the receiver to measure its bearing to or from the beacon, while the DME provides the slant distance between the receiver and the station. Together, the two measurements allow the receiver to compute a position fix. The VOR system was first introduced in the 1930s, but didn't enter significant commercial use until the early 1950s ([1]). It became much more practical with the introduction of low-cost solid state receivers in the 1960s. DME was a modification of World War II-era navigation systems like Gee-H, and began development in 1946. Like VOR, it only became practical with the introduction of solid state receivers during the 1960s. During the mid-1960s, ICAO began the process of introducing a standardized radio navigation system for medium-area coverage on the order of a few hundred kilometres. This system would replace the older Low-frequency radio range and similar systems used to navigate over national ranges. A number of proposals were submitted, including ones based solely on angle measurements like VOR, solely on distance measures like DME, combinations, or systems that output a location directly, like Decca Navigator and Loran-C. VOR/DME eventually won the standardization effort, due to a number of factors. One was that the direct measurement systems like Loran were generally much more expensive to implement (and would be into the 1980s) while Decca had problems with static interference from lightning strikes because of its low 70 to 129 kHz frequency. The choice of VOR/DME as a hybrid was due largely to it being easier to measure and then plot on a map. With VOR/DME, measurement from a single station reveals an angle and range, which can be easily drawn on a chart. Using a system based on two angles, as an example, requires two measurements at different frequencies (or using two radios) and then the angles plotted from both on a single chart which may be difficult in a cramped cockpit.

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A level 1 diet is the most limited. People on this diet should eat only pureed, pudding-like foods. They should avoid foods with coarse textures.

saintlukeskc.org - Dysphagia Diet: Level 1 (Pureed) | Saint Luke's Health System

When you have dysphagia, you have trouble swallowing. You are also at risk for aspiration. Aspiration is when food or liquid enters the lungs by accident. It can cause pneumonia and other problems. A dysphagia diet can help prevent aspiration. The foods you eat can affect your ability to swallow. For example, soft foods are easier to swallow than hard foods. A dysphagia diet plan has 3 levels. Each level is based on how serious a person’s dysphagia is. A level 1 diet is the most limited. People on this diet should eat only pureed, pudding-like foods. They should avoid foods with coarse textures.

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