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What is the weakest bullet ever?

2mm Kolibri Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 0.2 g (3 gr) FMJ 200 m/s (660 ft/s) 4 J (3.0 ft⋅lbf)

en.wikipedia.org - 2mm Kolibri - Wikipedia

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Centerfire pistol cartridge

2mm Kolibri cartridge dimensions Type Centerfire ammunition Place of origin Austria-Hungary Production history Designer Franz Pfannl Designed 1914 Manufacturer Kolibri Produced 1914 No. built ~1000 (pistol)[1] Specifications Case type Rimless, straight Bullet diameter 2.7mm Neck diameter 3.5mm Base diameter 3.6mm Rim diameter 3.6mm Case length 9.4mm Overall length 11.0mm Ballistic performance Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 0.2 g (3 gr) FMJ 200 m/s (660 ft/s) 4 J (3.0 ft⋅lbf) Source(s): Cartridges of the World [2] The 2mm Kolibri (also known as the 2.7mm Kolibri Car Pistol or 2.7×9mm Kolibri) was the smallest commercially available centerfire cartridge,[3] patented in 1910 and introduced in 1914 by Franz Pfannl, an Austrian watchmaker, with financial support from Georg Grabner. It was designed to accompany the Kolibri semi-auto pistol or single-shot pistol, both marketed as self-defense weapons. The name is derived from Kolibri, the German word for hummingbird, which is among the smallest of birds.

Background [ edit ]

The cartridge weighs 5.3 grams (82 grains), measures 3.6 millimeters (0.14 in) at its widest point, and 11 mm (0.43 in) from the base of the primer to the tip of the bullet. The cartridge is headspaced on the mouth of the case. The bullet itself masses 0.2 g (3 grains), and is estimated to have a normal muzzle velocity of 200 metres per second (660 ft/s), resulting in a muzzle energy of 4.0 J (3 ft-lbs).[4] For perspective, an average person's punch measures 10-15 joules, meaning that the round has less energy than a punch. The round was not well accepted. The 2mm Kolibri's small size makes handling and loading individual cartridges difficult, and the bullet itself is fairly weak, with literature at the time suggesting the round was capable of penetrating only 10–40 millimetres (0.39–1.57 in) of pine board. The round also suffers some accuracy issues, since the technology of the time was incapable of applying rifling to the bore of such a small caliber, resulting in no spin on the bullet.[4] at the Vikharev Arms Private Collections, 2mm Kolibri pistol; this particular model currently residesat the Vikharev Arms Private Collections, Saint Petersburg Due to the weakness and inaccuracy of the firearm, the 2mm Kolibri was advertised as a ladies' self-defence weapon that was small enough to fit inside a handbag. While probably not effective against a mugger if shot at the chest or limbs, it could potentially inflict some damage if shot at the attacker's face.[5][6] It was discontinued in 1914 with the outbreak of the war.[5] The 2mm gun was replaced by 3mm and 4mm weapons in the series, which was discontinued in 1938.[5] As with the related firearm series, this gun is now a collector's item with about 1000 ever produced.[1] It is notable for firing the smallest centerfire cartridge ever produced.[6]

In popular culture [ edit ]

The Kolibri was featured in the World War I FPS game Battlefield 1.

What is the golden rule of food?

To be on the safe side, eat cooked foods just as soon as they come off the heat. If you must prepare foods in advance or want to keep leftovers, be sure to store them under either hot (near or above 60 °C) or cool (near or below 10 °C) conditions.

paho.org - WHO ""Golden Rules"" for Safe Food Preparation - PAHO/WHO

WHO data indicate that only a small number of factors related to food handling are responsible for a large proportion of foodborne disease episodes everywhere. Common errors include: preparation of food several hours prior to consumption, combined with its storage at temperatures which favour growth of pathogenic bacteria and/or formation of toxins;

insufficient cooking or reheating of food to reduce or eliminate pathogens;

cross contamination; and

people with poor personal hygiene handling the food.

The Ten Golden Rules respond to these errors, offering advice that can reduce the risk that foodborne pathogens will be able to contaminate, to survive or to multiply. Despite the universality of these causes, the plurality of cultural settings means that the rules should be seen as a model for the development of culture-specific educational remedies. Users are therefore encouraged to adapt these rules to bring home messages that are specific to food preparation habits in a given cultural setting. Their power to change habitual practices will be all the greater. If you have any comments, please send them to FOS by clicking here: foodsafety@who.int. The World Health Organization regards illness due to contaminated food as one of the most widespread health problems in the contemporary world. For infants, immunocompromised people, pregnant women and the elderly, the consequences can be fatal. Protect your family by following these basic rules. They will reduce the risk of foodborne disease significantly.