What temperature should food be cooked up to?

Above 60°C the bacteria start to die. Time and temperature are both important because proteins need to be heated up for a long enough time for them all to be broken down. Standard advice is to cook food until it has reached 70°C and stayed at that temperature for 2 minutes.

food.gov.uk - Cooking your food | Food Standards Agency

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Cooking food at the right temperature and for the correct length of time will ensure that any harmful bacteria are killed. Always check the advice on food packaging and follow the cooking instructions provided.

Meat

Before you serve pork, poultry and minced meat, make sure it is steaming hot and cooked all the way through. When you cut into the thickest part of the meat, check that none of the meat is pink and that any juices run clear. In a whole bird this is the area between the leg and the breast.

Follow this advice when cooking:

turkey

chicken

duck

goose

pork

minced meat products such as kebabs, sausages and burgers

When roasting a whole bird such as chicken or turkey, you should cook the stuffing separately, not inside the bird. This is because stuffed birds will take longer to cook and may not cook thoroughly. FSA Explains Avian Influenza (bird flu) Avian Influenza (also known as bird flu) poses a very low food safety risk for consumers. Properly cooked poultry meat and poultry meat products are safe to eat. This means that our advice on consumption of poultry meat and poultry meat products, including eggs, does not change during outbreaks of Avian Influenza. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has further advice on Avian Influenza. Northern Ireland For Northern Ireland specific advice on Avian Influenza please refer to the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs ( DAERA ).

Frozen vegetables

Most frozen vegetables, including sweetcorn, will need to be cooked before you can eat them. If you intend to use frozen sweetcorn or other vegetables as part of a cold salad, check the instructions on the packaging first. If the advice is that the sweetcorn or other frozen vegetables should be cooked, you must ensure that this is done before they are eaten cold.

After cooking, the food should be:

cooled down as quickly as possible (ideally within two hours)

stored in a fridge

eaten within two days

Cooking methods

When food is cooked in an oven, it is through a combination of three different heat transfer methods.

Radiant or direct heat

This is where the flames at the back of a gas oven or the element in an electric oven cook the food.

Conduction

This is where the heat travels through the shelf, into the baking tray/dish and then on into the food.

Convection

This is where the air within the oven is heated and travels over and through the food, such as an air fryer. It is particularly important in a fan assisted oven and is the reason these cook foods faster. It is this method which may not work properly if the bird is stuffed. We advise that birds are cooked unstuffed, with any stuffing cooked in a separate tray or dish. Do not allow hot food to sit out at room temperature for long periods. Cool it and put your leftovers in the fridge or freezer within 1-2 hours.

Why you shouldn't serve burgers rare or pink

Whole cuts of meat, such as steaks and joints, only ever have bacteria on the outside surface of the meat. When meat is minced to make a burger, any harmful bacteria from the surface of the meat can get spread throughout the burger. As a result, rare and undercooked burgers can have harmful bacteria on the inside and may cause food poisoning if not fully cooked.

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Is it cheaper to build or buy a house?

In general, buying an existing home is cheaper. According to the National Association of Home Builders and the U.S. Census Bureau the median cost to buy a house today is $410,600 which is $28,800 less than building one.

usbank.com - Is it cheaper to build or buy a house? - U.S. Bank

Pros and cons: Building a house

You can build a basic home for about $150 per square foot1. But it’s easy to spend $500 per square foot if you want the best of everything. Still, building your own home means you’ll be paying for things you really want, like a large eat-in kitchen—and not items you may not need, like a separate formal dining room. Get ideas on building a unique dream home that fits your life. Another plus is that new homes come with fewer long-term costs. For example, new homes with more energy-efficient building materials may mean lower utility bills. Also, new homes tend to have fewer repairs and may have lower maintenance costs. Finally, newer homes may return a higher rate when you’re ready to sell. On the downside, construction timelines are longer today than they were a few years ago due to labor shortages and difficulties sourcing construction materials. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the average time it takes to build a home is 6.8 months, but that can easily extend to a year or more for owner-built homes. And you’ll have to budget for a place to live while your new home is being built. Demand is also up, making the cost of building your dream home rise as well. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the average price of a new-construction home has gone up $84,700 over the same time last year.

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