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The diet of the earliest hominins was probably somewhat similar to the diet of modern chimpanzees: omnivorous, including large quantities of fruit, leaves, flowers, bark, insects and meat (e.g., Andrews & Martin 1991; Milton 1999; Watts 2008).
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Read More »Bunn, H. T. & Ezzo, J. A. Hunting and scavenging by Plio-Pleistocene hominids: nutritional constraints, archaeological patterns and behavioural implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 20, 365-398 (1993). Bunn, H. T. & Kroll, E. M. Fact and fiction about the Zinajnthropus floor: data, arguments, and interpretations. Current Anthropology 29, 135-149 (1988). Bunn, H T. et al. Was FLK North levels 1-2 a classic "living floor" of Oldowan hominins or a taphonomically complex palimpsest dominated by large carnivore feeding behavior? Quaternary Research 74(3), 355-362. Capaldo, S. D. Inferring hominid and carnivore behavior from dual-patterned archaeofaunal assemblages. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University (1995). Capaldo, S. D. Experimental determinations of carcass processing by Plio-Pleistocene hominids and carnivores at FLK 22 (Zinjanthropus), Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 33, 555-597 (1997). Cavallo, J. A. & Blumenschine R. J. Tree-stored leopard kills: expanding the hominid scavenging niche. Journal of Human Evolution 18, 393-399 (1989). Delaney-Rivera, C. et al. Pits and pitfalls: taxonomic variability and patterning in tooth mark dimensions. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 2597-2608 (2009). de Heinzelin, J. et al. E. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284, 625-629 (1999). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. Meat-eating by early hominids at the FLK 22 Zinjanthropus site, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania): an experimental approach using cut-mark data. Journal of Human Evolution 33, 669-690 (1997). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. Flesh availability and bone modifications in carcasses consumed by lions: palaoecological relevance in hominid foraging patterns. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 149, 373-388 (1999). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. Hunting and scavenging by early humans: the state of the debate. Journal of World Prehistory 16, 1-54 (2002). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. & Pickering, T. R. Early hominid hunting and scavenging: a zooarchaeological review. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 275-292 (2003). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. et al.Configurational approach to identifying the earliest hominin butchers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107, 20929-20934 (2010). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. et al. Cutmarked bones from Pliocene archaeological sites at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia: Implications for the functions of the world's oldest stone tools. Journal of Human Evolution 48, 109-121 (2005). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. et al. (Eds.) Deconstructing Olduvai: A Taphonomic Study of the Bed I Sites. Springer, Netherlands (2007). Egeland, C. P. et al. Disentangling Early Stone Age palimpsests: determining the functional independence of hominid- and carnivore-derived portions of archaeofaunas. Journal of Human Evolution 47, 343-357 (2004). Fernández-Jalvo, Y. & Andrews, P. When humans chew bones. Journal of Human Evolution 60, 117-123 (2011). Ferraro et al. Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PLoS ONE 8, e62174 (2013). Goren-Inbar, N. et al. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Science 304, 725-727 (2004). Gowlett, J. A. J. et al. Early archaeological sites, hominid remains and traces of fire from Chesowanja, Kenya Nature 294, 125-129 (1981). James, S. R. Hominid use of fire in the lower and middle Pleistocene: a review of the evidence. Current Anthropology 30, 1-26 (1989). Jolly, C. J. The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid differentiation based on a baboon analogy. Man 5, 1-26 (1970). Landt, M. J. Tooth marks and human consumption: ethnoarchaeological mastication research among foragers of the Central African Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 1629-1640 (2007). Luca, F., Perry, G. H. & Di Rienzo, A. Evolutionary adaptations to dietary changes. Annual Review of Nutrition 30, 291-314 (2010).
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Read More »McHenry, H. M. Body size and proportions in early hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropoogy 87, 407-431 (1992). McPherron, S. P. et al. Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia Nature 466, 857-860 (2010). Milton, K. A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 8, 11-21 (1999). Mitani, J. C. & Watts, D. P. Why do chimpanzees hunt and share meat? Animal Behavior 61, 915-924 (2001). Peters, C. R. & O'Brian, E. M. The early hominid plant-food niche: insights from an analysis of plant exploitation by Homo, Pan, and Papio in eastern and southern Africa. Current Anthropology 22, 127-140 (1981). Pickering, T. R. et al. Taphonomy of ungulate ribs and the consumption of meat and bone by 1.2-million-year-old hominins at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1295-1309 (2013). Pobiner, B. Hominin-Carnivore Interactions: Evidence from Modern Carnivore Bone Modification and Early Pleistocene Archaeofaunas (Koobi Fora, Kenya; Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University (2007). Pobiner, B. L. & Blumenschine, R. J. A taphonomic perspective on the Oldowan hominid encroachment on the carnivoran paleoguild. Journal of Taphonomy 1, 115-141 (2003). Pobiner, B. L. & Braun, D. R. Strengthening the inferential link between cutmark frequency data and Oldowan hominid behavior: Results from modern butchery experiments. Journal of Taphonomy 3, 107-119 (2005). Pobiner, B. L. et al.,New evidence for hominin carcass processing strategies at 1.5 Ma, Koobi Fora, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 55, 103-130. (2008). Potts, R. & Shipman, P. Cutmarks made by stone tools on bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 291, 577-580 (1981). Ragir, S. et al. Gut morphology and the avoidance of carrion among chimpanzees, baboons, and early hominids. Journal of Anthropological Research 56, 477-512 (2000). Selvaggio, M. M. Evidence from carnivore tooth marks and stone-tool-butchery marks for scavenging by hominids at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University (1994). Semaw et al. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45, 169-177 (2003). Shipman, P. Scavenging or hunting in early hominids: theoretical framework and tests. American Anthropologist 88, 27-43 (1986). Speth, J. D. Early hominid hunting and scavenging: the role of meat as an energy source. Journal of Human Evolution 18, 329-343 (1989).
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