Where does space begin?

the Kármán Line A common definition of space is known as the Kármán Line, an imaginary boundary 100 kilometers (62 miles) above mean sea level. In theory, once this 100 km line is crossed, the atmosphere becomes too thin to provide enough lift for conventional aircraft to maintain flight.

nesdis.noaa.gov - Where is space? | NESDIS - NOAA

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The U.S. military and NASA define space differently. According to them, space starts 12 miles below the KaÌrmaÌn Line, at 50 miles above Earth's surface. Pilots, mission specialists and civilians who cross this boundary are officially deemed astronauts. If we define getting to space by the strictest of termsâ€”that is, by escaping Earth's atmosphere completelyâ€”you may have to travel over 600 miles or more to the outermost layer of the atmosphere to reach it. Here, the atmosphere becomes incredibly thin and starts to give way to the stronger, more violent solar winds of the sun. This way of defining space complicates things a bit, though. At that altitude the International Space Station (orbiting between 205 to 270 miles up), the space shuttle (which orbited 200 miles up) and some of NOAA's polar-orbiting satellites (orbiting 540 miles up) would not be considered spacecraft! In recent years, scientists have tried to determine a definitive â€˜edge of space' through various studies of the atmosphere. In 2009, researchers at the University of Calgary designed and launched the Supra-Thermal Ion Imager , an instrument developed to measure the transition between the relatively gentle winds of Earth's atmosphere and the more violent flows of charged particles in space. According to their data, the edge of space begins at 118km (73 miles) above sea level. Where is space? Until now, a simple nod to the sky may have sufficed, but it seems that with each passing year the final frontier is becoming a little more accessible. In today's world of potential commercial passenger space flights, missions to Mars and unimaginable technological advancements, outer space may be getting closer than we ever thought.

"Freedom of Space"

The concept of "Freedom of Space" began in the 1950's with the dawn of the space age, the Cold War and President Dwight D. Eisenhower. With the threat of nuclear war looming, President Eisenhower and his advisers sought to ensure international acceptance of "freedom of space" for the unspoken use of reconnaissance satellites. His interpretation of space treated it much like the high seas. Outside of national territorial airspace, nations were free to conduct peaceful space operations without concern for international borders. Well aware of the President's unstated motivation to operate high altitude spy satellites safely, the Soviet Union adamantly opposed the idea, seeking to establish much higher airspace boundaries.

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What are the last stages of dementia before death?

It can be difficult to know when a person with dementia is nearing the end of their life. ... During this time they will usually: become more frail. have more frequent falls or infections. have problems eating, drinking and swallowing. be more likely to need urgent medical care. become less mobile. sleep more. talk less often.

alzheimers.org.uk - How to know when a person with dementia is nearing the end of their ...

How long will a person with dementia live for?

Dementia is a life-limiting condition, but it is very difficult to know how long someone with dementia will live for. This depends on many factors. If the person also has another life-limiting condition (such as cancer or heart failure), it may be clearer how long they may live for and how they will die. A person may die from another condition at any stage of having dementia. Because of this, they may die before their dementia symptoms become very advanced. A person in the later stages of dementia may get worse slowly over many months. During this time they will usually:

become more frail

have more frequent falls or infections

have problems eating, drinking and swallowing

be more likely to need urgent medical care

become less mobile

sleep more

talk less often.

A person in the later stages of dementia is likely to have a weak immune system. This means they have a higher risk of getting infections, which in some cases can last for a long time. One of the most common causes of death for people with dementia is pneumonia caused by an infection. A person in the later stages of dementia may have symptoms that suggest that they are close to death, but can sometimes live with these symptoms for many months. This uncertainty makes it very difficult to plan and put things in place for the end of someone’s life.

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