Which mental illness is the most inherited?

news-medical.net - The Genetics of Mental Disorder - News Medical

How do I know if my oxygen absorber is still good?

Overall, the best way to confirm your oxygen absorbers are fresh is to feel them. They will feel like fine powder is inside as opposed to hard and...

Last updated Sep 2, 2019

Can girls bring razors on Survivor?

Toiletries, including razors, hairbrushes or toothbrushes, are not allowed. Sep 29, 2021

Last updated Dec 4, 2020

Promotion

There are hundreds of different types of mental (or psychiatric) disorders as characterized and defined by the DSM and ICD. Many disorders are under specific categories including (but not limited to):

Anxiety disorders

Mood disorders

Psychotic disorders

Intellectual disabilities

Developmental disorders

Personality disorders

Eating disorders

Sleep disorders

Dissociative disorders

Sexuality-related disorders

Substance-use disorders

Within these categories, specific disorders include (to name a few examples):

Major depressive disorder (depression)

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder

Sleepwalking

Primary Insomnia

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Anorexia nervosa

Body dysmorphic disorder

Dyslexia

Dementia is also included as a mental disorder in the DSM/ICD due to the vast cognitive and personality impairments that occur, in addition to it primarily being a neurological disease No one psychiatric or mental disorder has a full 100% genetic basis or heritability, and many environmental factors may strongly influence the likelihood of developing a particular disorder or not – despite the presence or absence of genetic elements. Many of these disorders, therefore, have multifactorial causes – some genetic and some environmental. In this article, only those disorders with a strong genetic basis will be highlighted. A large proportion of mental disorders do have a high degree of heritability – that is that the risk of having a disorder if another family member has it significantly increases. Independent of that, there may be specific genetic mutations or polymorphisms that may predispose individuals to a higher risk of mental disorder without a family history. Genetic mutations, polymorphisms or epigenetic changes (that will be discussed below) can alter the development of the brain in a way that changes the typical wiring of the brain. As such, mental disorders can arise at any point in life e.g., from birth – such as ASD, or later in life in combination with environmental triggers - such as bipolar disorder. These predispositions may lower the threshold required for mental disorders to begin in adults compared to “neurotypical” individuals.

Bipolar disorder

One of the most highly genetically inherited psychiatric disorders is bipolar disorder which may affect as much as 1-4% of the population. Bipolar disorder is characterized by periods of depression followed by periods of abnormally elevated mood (mania/hypomania). Whilst environmental factors are known to be important causes of bipolar disorder, it is estimated that around 70-90% of all cases are attributed to genetic factors. Specific genetic mutations or polymorphisms (SNPs) within CACNA1C, ODZ4, TRANK1, GNG2, ANK3, TPH2, ITPR2, SHANK2, & NCAN have been identified in genetic studies as candidates for increasing the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder. These may either be directly inherited from parents or form de novo during development.

Schizophrenia

What did they use for toilet paper in biblical times?

But what DID they use for toilet paper? Well, you could use a leaf, a handful of moss or your left hand! But what most Romans used was something...

Last updated May 29, 2018

Will the Big One destroy San Francisco?

Let's go! The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that it's far more likely than not that an earthquake measuring magnitude 6.7 will hit Los Angeles...

Last updated Nov 29, 2018

Promotion

Schizophrenia is thought to have up to 70-80% genetic heritability. Like bipolar disorder, having a first-degree relative with the disorder drastically increases the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life – though environmental factors are also incredibly important. However, separating whether this is due to genetic causes or shared environmental conditions is difficult. The cumulative effect of multiple inherited or de novo mutations/polymorphisms in combination with environmental triggers can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. For example, copy number variants (CNVs) involved in DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2) which includes deletions of around 50 genes including COMT and 17q12 microdeletion syndrome are highly associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia – but are also prevalently associated comorbidly with ASD and other intellectual disabilities. Other specific genetic mutations implicated in schizophrenia include genetic disruptions to LAMA2, SETD1A, DPYD, TRRAP, TAF13, ARC & VPS39. Perhaps the most widely known genetic cause of schizophrenia is DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia 1), identified in a Scottish family who had schizophrenia and subsequently other families including in America. However, subsequent GWAS studies have not shown any strong associations between DISC1 and schizophrenia, often with mixed results. Whist DISC1 may not be a commonly implicated gene in GWAS studies, it does still show specific mutation level effects in specific families with schizophrenia e.g., 1q43:11q14 translocation.

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

Genetics & Genomics eBook Compilation of the top interviews, articles, and news in the last year. Download a free copy ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder usually present from birth. Specific genes have been implicated in ASD including MECP2, SHANK1-3, CACN1E/B2, NRXN, SYNGAP1, UBE3A, KCNQ2/3/5, SCNA2 & SYN1/3 to name a few common examples. Many of these genes are related to specific ion channels and synapses thus suggesting abnormal synaptic and neural network development. It is therefore unsurprising that depending on what genes are implicated (and what mutations occur), there is a large degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity in ASD owing to such a diverse plethora of genetic mutations in ASD. It's Not Just in Your Head: The Genetics of Mental Illness | Tamoha Saha | TEDxLosAltosHigh Play

Common mutations

Many mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic changes that occur in ASD, also occur in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as well as other mental disorders (cross disorder association). These genes that can have a broad impact and multiple effects from a single gene are called pleiotropic genes. Some of these genes seem to be implicated highly in all of these disorders, including CACNA1C (or related calcium channel genes such as CACNB2), reflecting the common pathogenesis of abnormal synaptic development. There are numerous candidates that have been identified in genetic screening studies; however, a notable example includes DCC (SNP rs8084351). The protein product of DCC has a role in axonal growth during neurodevelopment which serves as a key regulator of white matter projections in the developing brain. Loss-of-function mutations in DCC lead to severe neurodevelopmental complications that involve the loss of midline commissural tracts and abnormal disorganization of white matter tracts.

What is the best emergency food to store?

Ready-to-eat canned meats, fruits, vegetables and a can opener. Protein or fruit bars. Dry cereal or granola. Peanut butter. Dried fruit. Canned...

Last updated Jul 26, 2021

What is the longest time on Alone?

Maine man lasts 87 days, wins $500K on History Channel survival show 'Alone' Feb 9, 2017

Last updated Aug 12, 2018

Promotion

Another key pleiotropic gene is RBFOX1 (SNP rs7193263). RBFOX1 is a regulator gene involved in the development of neuronal NMDA-receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels. Genetic knockout models of RBFOX1 in mice lead to impaired neuronal migration and synapse formation in the developing brain, and this SNP also impairs these functions. Another highly pleiotropic gene involved in ASD, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is NOX4 (SNP rs117956829). NOX4 is a major source of superoxide production in the developing and adult brain as well as promoting neural stem cell growth.

Summary

In summary, mental (psychiatric) disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and ASD have strong genetic bases (mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic changes) that can be directly inherited from an affected parent, or for de novo during development. Whilst there are several key genes implicated in specific disorders, there are numerous pleiotropic genes that are implicated in all of these disorders rooted in deficits in single genes (e.g., DCC), and calcium channel genes (e.g., CACNA1C). Thus, many of these disorders arise due to abnormal neurodevelopment which can either cause disorder from birth (ASD) or strongly predispose individuals to developing psychiatric conditions later in life especially in combination with additional environmental factors such as stress.

References

Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 381(9875):1371-1379. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23453885/ Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2019. Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders. Cell. 179(7):1469-1482.e11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31835028/ Rylaarsdam & Guemez-Gamboa, 2019. Genetic Causes and Modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci. 13:385. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31481879/ Gordovez & McMahon, 2020. The genetics of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 25(3):544-559. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31907381/ Avrampoulos, 2018. Recent Advances in the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Mol Neuropsyhciatry. 4(1):35-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29998117/

Which mental illness is the most inherited?

How do I know if my oxygen absorber is still good?

Can girls bring razors on Survivor?

Anxiety disorders

Mood disorders

Psychotic disorders

Intellectual disabilities

Developmental disorders

Personality disorders

Eating disorders

Sleep disorders

Dissociative disorders

Sexuality-related disorders

Substance-use disorders

Within these categories, specific disorders include (to name a few examples):

Major depressive disorder (depression)

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder

Sleepwalking

Primary Insomnia

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Anorexia nervosa

Body dysmorphic disorder

Dyslexia

Bipolar disorder

Schizophrenia

What did they use for toilet paper in biblical times?

Will the Big One destroy San Francisco?

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

Common mutations

What is the best emergency food to store?

What is the longest time on Alone?

Summary

References

Further Reading

Is makeup allowed on Survivor?

What will happen if you eat 2 eggs a day?

Can you sell coins for melt value?

What happens if I take my PrEP twice in one day?