Which philosopher said humans are naturally selfish?

Thomas Hobbes In his famous 1651 work Leviathan, Hobbes argues that people are inherently wicked and selfish, and he puts forth his ideas for the social contract and laws required by a society of evil creatures.

cs.stanford.edu - The Ethics of Anonymous Computing: Thomas Hobbes

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In his famous 1651 work, Hobbes argues that people are inherently wicked and selfish, and he puts forth his ideas for the social contract and laws required by a society of evil creatures. Here we explore some of Hobbes's ideas concerning identity and accountability, and apply them to important issues specific to anonymous computing. According to Hobbes, because people are inherently evil and selfish, they can not be left to govern themselves. For this reason, he supported the idea of a monarchy--a common-wealth run by a soveraigne, whose job is to provide power and leadership in order to protect his subjects from themselves and their evil.(XVII) Message boards often have a moderator whose job is to maintain order and ensure that postings are on-topic and appropriate. Hobbes's assertion that men require a single leader to preserve the peace applies to this model of a moderator, implying that a message board might not function without the aid of an authority figure. In the case of an anonymous chat room, there can be no single figure of authority because thereis no way to identify him as such. Hobbes carefully delineates the responsibilities of the members and leaders of a common-wealth. For example, "whatsoever [the Representative] does in the Person of the Body, which is not warranted by his Letters, nor by the Lawes, is his own act, and not the act of the Body, nor of any other Member thereof besides himselfe*" Whatever is done within the law may be attributed to everyone, but outside the law a man is on his own.(XXII) By removing all means of attributing accountability, an anonymous community lacks this fundamental tenet of Hobbes's social contract. A member who commits an unlawful act owns that act, but if an act is committed anonymously, there is no way to attach a man's responsibility to it. An anonymous society has no way of fulfilling the requirements of Hobbes's society, and by his definitions, could not function as a society; evil deeds would destroy it. In explaining why men require "a coercive Power" while other creatures do not, he blames mankind's perpetual "competition for Honour and Dignity*; and consequently amongst men there ariseth on that ground, Envy and Hatred, and finally Warre, but amongst [other creatures] not so." Hobbes shows tendencies of competition as a result of man's inherent selfishness.(XVII) The problems with competition among men might actually be avoided in an anonymous system: with no way to know who accomplishes what, there is no reason for this continuing battle. [Alcoholics Anonymous embraces this ideology: " Then, too, we believe that the concept of personal anonymity has a spiritual significance for us--that it discourages the drives for personal recognition, power, prestige, or profit that have caused difficulties in some societies. Much of our relative effectiveness in working with alcoholics might be impaired if we sought or accepted public recognition." -AA website]

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Is survival a selfish author?

In the argument Is Survival Selfish by Lane Wallace, I woman that had been in an airliner that crashed on landing,“(realized) that the people around her were too paralyzed to react (in the situation), (so) she took direct action... (Wallace 318).

bartleby.com - Is Survival Selfish By Lane Wallace Summary - 842 Words | Bartleby

A close review of the literature reveals that your state of mind during a matter of life or death situation will influence the outcome of your survival. In the argument Is Survival Selfish by Lane Wallace, I woman that had been in an airliner that crashed on landing,“(realized) that the people around her were too paralyzed to react (in the situation), (so) she took direct action...(Wallace 318). This example showed that your state of mind in a life or death situation will influence your outcome because the woman had to understand the situation that she was in and acknowledge that she had to get out of the plane . Through her observations, there was nothing that she could do to help the other passengers out of the plane because they were too paralyzed to react. This influenced her outcome because if she hadn’t looked out for herself than she would have had the same fate as most of the passengers in the crashed plane.Another example that your state of mind during a matter of life or death situation will influence your outcome is in the speech “Truth at all Cost”, by Marie Colvin. Truth at all cost is about an author sharing her story as being a war correspondent. In Marie’s speech, she says, “journalist covering combat, shoulder great responsibilities, ...(and sometimes) they pay the ultimate price...(Colvin 85).” This example shows that your state of mind will influence your outcome because the journalists who decided to do the job of reporting back the news of war had

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