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Why is Maslow's theory criticized?

However, the most significant criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs concerns the unscientific approach, use of unreliable samples and the specific research methods he used to draw conclusions to the study.

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Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He was the eldest of seven children, his parents were first-generation Jewish immigrants from Kiev, then part of the Russian Empire, now Kyiv in Ukraine, who fled from Czarist persecution in the early 20thcentury. Maslow died aged 62 years old, in 1970. This piece focuses on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, it will provide an overview of the theoretical model and explore the criticism associated with the work, notwithstanding the positive and idealistic contribution that Maslow has made to humanistic psychology throughout his career. It is probably Maslow’s most famous work, in that in 1943 he published his work “A Theory of Motivation”. Maslow described human needs as ordered in a prepotent hierarchy—a pressing need would need to be mostly satisfied before someone would give their attention to the next highest need. It should be noted at this time that none of his published work included a representational visualisation of the hierarchy, but that the following is often associated with the model in question: This now iconic pyramid frequently depicts the spectrum of human needs, both physiological and psychological, as accompaniment to articles describing Maslow’s needs theory and may give the impression that the Hierarchy of Needs is a fixed and rigid sequence of progression. The hierarchy of needs model suggests that human needs will only be fulfilled one level at a time. According to Maslow’s theory, when a human being ascends the levels of the hierarchy having fulfilled the needs in the hierarchy, one may eventually achieve self-actualization. Late in life, Maslow came to conclude that self-actualisation was not an automatic outcome of satisfying the other human needs.

The Critique

From the outset, we all have different needs at different times in our lives. However, the most significant criticism of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs concerns the unscientific approach, use of unreliable samples and the specific research methods he used to draw conclusions to the study. The study was not based on any credible empirical research. There is partial to little or no evidence from the scientific community as to the validity of Maslow’s hierarchy, although it is often cited in various academic literature and forms part of the syllabus to many academic courses, from school to university. An important criticism is that Maslow’s methodology relates to ethnocentric bias, as the research has an exclusive emphasis on Americans. Further to this, the research is said to have focused on educated, intelligent males, in the context of a highly individualistic culture. Many of the higher-level needs in the hierarchy focus on the self, through achievement, self-esteem, and personal growth. These personal attributes cannot necessarily be globalised and easily transferred to Eastern cultures, whereby the emphasis can often be related to community, selflessness, and contribution. It is also not entirely clear, whether the model supports the differing needs according to gender or socioeconomic backgrounds. Another major criticism is the appearance of many exceptions to the hierarchy. Maslow acknowledged this point, describing ‘reversals’ in the hierarchy: ‘There are some people in whom, for instance, self-esteem seems to be more important than love.’ Maslow observed people in whom certain needs appeared diminished or ‘deadened’ due to lack of exposure (for example, absence of love and connection in childhood), and others who would remain comfortable at a certain level and never progress any further. One of Maslow’s key reflections had to do with creative individuals such as artists who appeared totally preoccupied with self-actualisation while ignoring other needs.

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Maslow’s theory suggests that our needs are arranged in a hierarchy of ascendency, which means that the lowest need exerts the strongest influence when it is not satisfied. He wrote: ‘For the man who is extremely and dangerously hungry, no other interests exist but food. He dreams food, he remembers food, he thinks about food, he emotes only about food, he perceives only food, and he wants only food.’ Yet, there are many obvious cases of individuals whose primary interest is outside of having other basic needs fulfilled. Maslow did not account in his research to the fact that individuals may have differing basic needs, or even needs outside of the basic level, that may not have been met. Whilst Maslow’s work was entirely credible, and there is a clear correlation between the need fulfilment and subjective well-being, many of the needs appear to be universal. However, the order in which these needs are met had little impact on people’s satisfaction with life. In other words, higher-level needs like autonomy, social support, and feeling respected were still important even though lower-level needs were not being fulfilled.

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